Twinning Collaborations: Involve partnerships between research institutions in different countries to share knowledge and expertise in a particular field. These collaborations provide opportunities for researchers to work together on joint projects, exchange ideas, and develop new research methods. Twinning collaborations can lead to the creation of new networks, the exchange of knowledge and expertise, and the development of new research agendas. They can also provide funding opportunities for researchers, and help to develop the skills and knowledge of young researchers. Twinning collaborations have the potential to foster international collaborations and contribute to the development of new, innovative solutions to complex global challenges.